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A brief overview of key people and strategic events during Martin Luther's lifetime.
|
YEAR |
LUTHERS
AGE |
EVENTS |
1452 |
31yrs
before Martin Luther was born |
September
21: Girolamo Savonarola is
born of a noble family in Ferrara..
He was an Italian religious and political
reformer.  |
1483 |
10
months before Martin Luther was born |
February
14th: Zahir al-Din Mohammed
Babur Shah, founder of the Moghul
dynasty and famous conqueror of India,
was born. He was known as Babur
(Babar / Baber) which means "the tiger"
and was a descendant of Genghis Khan
the infamous Mongol Warrior.  |
1483 |
8
months before Martin Luther
was born |
April
6th: Italy : Raphael or Raffaello
a painter and architect of the Florentine
school in the Italian High Renaissance
was born. |
1483 |
8
months before he was born |
April
9th: England : The
Mystery of the Two Princes After
the sudden death of Edward IV his son,
also called Edward, inherited the throne
at the age of 12. His father's brother,
Richard Duke of Gloucester was given
the role of Protector to Edward V and
his brother Richard, Duke of York Just
3 mon ths later on June 25th, the nephews
were declared illegitimate by the Parliament.
Apparently evidence was brought that
showed that their father had been betrothed
to Lady Eleanor Talbot before marrying
their mother, consequently making the
marriage invalid. The young boys were
sent to the Tower of London and were
never seen in again. Nobody knows what
happened to them and this mystery has
been the subject of many books since.
Of course, being next in line to the
throne, their Uncle and Protector Richard
became King after Edward. |
1483 |
2
months before he was born |
September
3rd: Nicolaus Von
Amsdorf, (1483-1565), German
Protestant reformer, was born at Torgau,
on the Elbe. Nicolaus was a strong supporter
of Martin Luther |
1483 |
1
month before he was born |
October
17th : Tomas de Torquemada,
a Dominican, was appointed inquisitor-general
of Spain in this year. He was
also confessor to Ferdinand II and Isabella
I. Wikepedia says, "... Ferdinand was
not above using religion as a means
of controlling his people. He wanted
the Jewish and Muslim religions wiped
out in his domains, and the Inquisition
was his method for achieving that...
". Tomas was strategically instrumental
in the expulsion of Jews from Spain
later in 1492 -
|
1483 |
Same
year of his birth |
Christopher
Columbus - The World Book tells
us that in this day Portuguese sailors
were trying to reach Asia by sailing
around Africa. Christopher Columbus
had other ideas and believed that sailing
due west would be an easier way. At
the age of 32 Christopher Columbus managed
to get an audience with King John II
of Portugal and his counci. He showed
them his plans in the hope of gaining
Apparently Columbus' plan was based
in part on two major miscalculations
1. He under-estimated the circumference
of the world by about 25 percent. 2.
He also mistakenly believed that most
of the world consisted of land rather
than water. He did not have to prove
to the council that the world was round
because educated people at that time
knew it was .... The king's advisers
thought that Portugal's resources should
be invested in finding a route around
Africa to Asia. |
1483 |
- |
Edward
V succeeds Edward IV of England |
1483 |
Newborn |
November
10th: Martin Luther
Born |
1485 |
2 |
ENGLAND
: Henry VII, son of Edmund Tudor, defeated
Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth
Field and was declared King. This was the beginning of the Tudor
Dynasty. Henry was determined to bring
order to England after 85 years of civil
war. He married Elizabeth of York, thus
combining the feuding Lancaster and
York factions within the Tudor line
and eliminating further argument over
rights to succession. |
1485 |
2 |
ENGLAND
: The Yeomen of the Guard - A permanent
military corps in attendance on the
sovereign of England, as part of the
royal household, whose duties, now purely
ceremonial, were originally that of
the sovereigns personal bodyguard. They
are the oldest existing body of the
kind, having an unbroken record from
1485, as well as the oldest military
body in England ....Henry VII created
this guard after the battle of Bosworth
Field - |
1487 |
4 |
MALAGA
: Spaniards conquer Malaga from
the Arabs Located in one of the
most important and ancient communication
routes in Europe (the Straight of Gibraltar)
and isolated from the rest of Spain
Malaga has been a place of settlement
for many peoples since ancient times:
the Phoenicians gave it its current
name, the Greeks established flourishing
colonies (Mainake, Torre del Mar) and
the Romans made it a part of their empire.
But it was Arab rule, lasting until
the latter years of the 15th century,
which most contributed to the identity
of Malaga. Muslim Malaga, was part of
the kingdom of Granada until the Catholic
Kings incorporated it to the rest of
Christian Spain (1487).
|
1489 |
6 |
Girolamo
Savonarola, religious and political
reformer, visits pulpit of San Marco
and speaks on the sinfulness and apostasy
of the time - a great & popular
triumph. He was hailed by some as an
inspired prophet .... in morals and
religion, not in theology, Savonarola
may be regarded as a forefunner of the
Reformation (Chambers Biographical Dictionary) |
1489 |
6 |
INDIA
: Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave becomes
ruler of Bijapur India Bijapur came
under Muslim influence, first under
Allaudin Khilji, the Sultan of Delhi,
towards the end of the 13th century,
and then under the Bahamani kings of
Bidar in 1347. In 1481, Mohammed III,
one of the Bahamani Sultans, appointed
Yusuf Adil Khan as the Governor of Bijapur.
One of the sons of Sultan Mahmud II
of Turkey. Yusuf Adil Khan fled his
country on the death of his father,
to escape the massacre of crown prince
in the battle for succession to the
throne. He was purchased as a slave
by Mahmud Gavan, the Prime Minister
of Mohammed III. With the decline of
the Bahamani power at Bidar, Yusuf declared
his independence in 1489 and thus became
the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty
which survived as a kingdom till its
annexation by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb
in 1686.
|
1490 |
7 |
ITALY
: First beginning of ballet in Italian
Courts The earliest precursors to
ballets were lavish entertainments given
in the courts of Renaissance Italy.
These elaborate spectacles, which united
painting, poetry, music, and dancing,
took place in large halls that were
used also for banquets and balls. A
dance performance given in 1489 actually
was performed between the courses of
a banquet, and the action was closely
related to the menu: For instance, the
story of Jason and the Golden Fleece
preceded the roast lamb. The dancers
based their performance on the social
dances of the day. |
1490 |
7 |
First
Orphanages in Italy & Holland |
1491 |
8 |
ENGLAND: Henry VIII - future King of England
born Henry VIII was the second son
of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
|
1492 |
9 |
GRANADA
: Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish
the Moorish Kingdom Until 1492 Granada
symbolised economic and cultural wealth,
but internal struggles weakened the
kingdom, allowing it to be taken by
the Catholic Monarchs. Initially, Arab
citizens were allowed to continue living
according to their traditions. In 1499,
however, Cardinal Cisneros forced all
Muslims to be baptised as Christians.
Later this policy was extended to the
prohibition of their clothing, customs
and language and the imposition of high
taxes. During this period many mosques
were either destroyed or converted into
monasteries or other religious and public
buildings. |
1492 |
9 |
FRANCE
: Charles VIII takes control of affairs
in France By the early 1490’s he
had fallen under the influence of Etienne
de Vesc who persuaded Charles that he
could lead a successful military force
into northern Italy. Charles was known
to be a romantic and his head was filled
with the ideas of grandeur of the Crusades
against the Turks. He also had a very
remote claim to the Kingdom of Naples
and it is possible that he believed
that by taking Naples he could use it
as a platform to launch a campaign against
the Turks and conquer Jerusalem for
the Christians who would then be eternally
grateful to him. |
1492 |
9 |
ENGLAND
: Henry VII invades France after French
support an imposter to the throne Henry VII made a show of strength, offensive
and defensive aims (asserted Henry V’s
claim to the French Crown). Invaded
northern France with 26,000 men. Charles
VIII’s eyes were turning to Italy, and
his aim was to make a quick treaty.
Treaty of Etaples by which Charles VIII
agreed to drop his support for Perkin
Warbeck and other rebels, to indemnify
the costs of Henry’s interventions in
Brittany, and to reimburse the arrears
of Edward IV’s pension due by 1475 treaty. |
1492 |
9 |
SPAIN: By order of the Inquisitor General,
Torquemada, Spain - Jews are given three
months to accept Christianity or leave
the country. On July 30 of that
year, the entire Jewish community, some
200,000 people, were expelled from Spain.
Tens of thousands of refugees died while
trying to reach safety. In some instances,
Spanish ship captains charged Jewish
passengers exorbitant sums, then dumped
them overboard in the middle of the
ocean. In the last days before the expulsion,
rumors spread throughout Spain that
the fleeing refugees had swallowed gold
and diamonds, and many Jews were knifed
to death by brigands hoping to find
Ferdinand and Isabella rejected Torquemada's
demand that the Jews be expelled until
January 1492, when the Spanish Army
defeated Muslim forces in Granada, thereby
restoring the whole of Spain to Christian
rule. With their most important project,
the country's unification, accomplished,
the king and queen concluded that the
Jews were expendable. |
1492 |
9 |
ITALY
: Leonardo Da Vinci draws a Flying Machine Leonardo's output is the epitome of
that extraordinary period of human history
which was the Italian Renaissance, a
period of great cultural advances and
of great projects. Leonardo's output
is the expression of the men and women
of the time, of what they felt and did,
of the machines they built so that in
turn they could build churches, palaces,
fortresses; machines for waging war,
for work, for the manufacture and trade
of all those goods whose availability
was of such great importance to the
rulers and their courts.
|
1492 |
9 |
SPAIN
: Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain finance
the first voyage of Italian Columbus
"Whereas, Most Christian, High, Excellent,
and Powerful Princes, King and Queen
of Spain and of the Islands of the Sea,
our Sovereigns, this present year 1492,
after your Highnesses had terminated
the war with the Moors reigning in Europe,
the same having been brought to an end
in the great city of Granada, where
on the second day of January, this present
year, I saw the royal banners of your
Highnesses planted by force of arms
upon the towers of the Alhambra, which
is the fortress of that city, and saw
the Moorish king come out at the gate
of the city and kiss the hands of your
Highnesses, and of the Prince my Sovereign;
and in the present month, in consequence
of the information which I had given
your Highnesses respecting the countries
of India and of a Prince, called Great
Can, which in our language signifies
King of Kings, how, at many times he,
and his predecessors had sent to Rome
soliciting instructors who might teach
him our holy faith, and the holy Father
had never granted his request, whereby
great numbers of people were lost, believing
in idolatry and doctrines of perdition.
Your Highnesses, as Catholic Christians,
and princes who love and promote the
holy Christian faith, and are enemies
of the doctrine of Mahomet, and of all
idolatry and heresy, determined to send
me, Christopher Columbus, to the above-mentioned
countries of India, to see the said
princes, people, and territories, and
to learn their disposition and the proper
method of converting them to our holy
faith;
and furthermore directed that I should
not proceed by land to the East, as
is customary, but by a Westerly route,
in which direction we have hitherto
no certain evidence that any one has
gone.... "
|
1492 |
9 |
HAITI
: Columbus discovers the Bahamas, Cuba,
Haiti and the Santa Maria is wrecked
off Haiti on December 25 Santa María
was Columbus’s flagship on his first
and most remembered voyage, although
he did not like the ship because it
was large and slow. Santa María ran
aground on a sandbar near what is now
Cap Haïtien, Haïti, on Christmas Eve
of 1492. |
1493 |
10 |
Turks
invade Dalmatia and Croatia |
1493 |
10 |
Columbus
returns to Palos and leaves Spain on
his second voyage on September 25th
(till June 11, 1496) During this time
he discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica and
Jamaica |
1494 |
11 |
France
: Charles VIII begins invasion of
Italy and enters through Florence
Charles entered Italy via Piedmont in
1494 and marched south to Pisa, Florence
and Rome. Naples was entered without
a battle in February 1495. However,
such an apparently successful advance
into Italy could only provoke hostility
and Charles was a long way from home.
In March 1495 the Holy League of Venice
was formed. This was a combination of
Papal, Imperial, Spanish, Venetian and
Milanese power. This represented to
Charles a far too formidable force and
he retreated back to France. However,
to get there he did have to fight the
League in July 1495 at the Battle of
Fornovo. The ‘battle’ lasted just 15
minutes and Charles managed to get his
army back to France intact. The king
of Naples re-established his control
and for Charles the campaign was a disaster.
Weblink : History
Learning Site |
1495 |
12 |
Charles
VIII enters Naples and is crowned King
of Naples then retreats to Northern
Italy. (See above for overlap). |
1495 |
12 |
Ferdinand
II reconquers Naples |
1495 |
12 |
Peace
between France and allies |
1495 |
12 |
Jews
expelled from Portugal |
1495 |
12 |
Da
Vinci paints the Last Supper |
1498 |
15 |
Charles
VIII of France succeeded by Louis XII |
1498 |
15 |
Columbus
sets out on third voyage. |
1498 |
15 |
Vasco
De Gama discovers Sea route to India |
1499 |
16 |
War
between the Turks and Venice - defeat
of the Venetian fleet |
1499 |
16 |
Spanish
Inquisitor General, Cisneros, introduces
mass forced conversions of Moors, causing
great Moorish revolt in Granada |
1500 |
17 |
Pope
Alexander VI proclaims Year of Jubilee
and imposes a tithe for Crusades against
Turks -
Visit Wikipedia for the Bio of Pope Alexander VI, né
Rodrigo Borgia (January 1, 1431 - August
18, 1503)
... His manners were agreeable and his
appearance fascinating, but, like many
other prelates of the day, his morals
were far from blameless, his two dominant
passions being greed of gold and love
of women, and he was devoted to the
children his mistresses bore him. An
excellent example of the extreme levels
of corruption and immorality then present
in the papacy was the Banquet of Chestnuts, an episode famous in the history
of pornography. |
1500 |
17 |
Ferdinand
of Aragon suppresses Moorish revolt
in Granada |
1500 |
17 |
Juan
de la Cosa makes map of New World |
1500 |
17 |
De
Ojeda and Vespucci return after discovering
mouth of Amazon River |
1500 |
17 |
Columbus
arrested and imprisoned for rehabilitation |
1500 |
17 |
First
lead pencils used |
1500 |
17 |
First
recorded Caesarian Operation |
1500 |
17 |
First
regular post route between Brussels
and Vienna |
1501 |
18 |
Moors
resist Spanish Army. Ferdinand I declares
Granada a Christian Kingdom. |
1501 |
18 |
Ismail
I conquers Persia- founded Safavid dynasty
The Safavid Shah Ismail I overthrew
the White Sheep Turkish rulers of Persia
to found a new native Iranian empire.
Ismail expanded Iran to include all
of present-day Azerbaijan, Iran, and
Iraq, plus much of Afghanistan. Ismail's
expansion was halted by the Ottoman
Empire at the Battle of Chaldiran in
1514, and war with the Ottomans became
a fact of life in Safavid Iran. |
1501 |
18 |
Ivan
III of Moscow invades Lithuania
[Background Bio : Ivan III called "The
Great" (1440-1505) ruler of Russia
and Grand Duke of Russia (1462-1505).
He succeeded in shaking off entirely
yoke of the Tartars and in subjecting
a number of the Russian principalities
to his own sway. In 1472 he married
Sophia, a niece of Constantine XI Palaeologus,
assumed the title of Ruler of All Russia,
and adopted the two headed eagle of
the Byzantine Empire]. |
1501 |
18 |
Martin
Luther is 18 at Erfurt |
1501 |
18 |
Books
against the authority of the church
are burn by order of Papal Bull Erasmus |
1501 |
18 |
Michelangelo
creates "David" Sculpture |
1501 |
18 |
Swift
development of book printing and typography
- Since 1445 more than 1000 offices
and 35,00 books and 10 million copies |
1502 |
19 |
Columbus
on 4th voyage (& last) finds Honduras
and Panama |
1502 |
19 |
Vasco
de Gama founds Port Colony of Cochin,
India |
1502 |
19 |
Peter
Henlein of Nuremberg constructs the
Nuremberg egg - the first watch |
1503 |
20 |
Henry,
Prince of Wales, betrothed to Catherine
of Aragon. |
1503 |
20 |
James
IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor,
daughter of Henry VII |
1503 |
20 |
Da
Vinci paints Mona Lisa
The title Mona Lisa stems from the Giorgio
Vasari biography of Leonardo da Vinci,
published 31 years after Leonardo's
death. In it, he identified the sitter
as Lisa, the wife of wealthy Florentine
businessman Francesco del Giocondo.
"Mona" is a common Italian contraction
of "madonna," meaning "my lady," the
equivalent of the English "Madam", so
the title means "Madam Lisa." In modern
Italian the short form of "madonna"
is usually spelled "Monna," so the title
is sometimes, though rarely, given as
Monna Lisa. Weblink: Wikipedia |
1503 |
20 |
Nostradamus
born |
1505 |
22 |
Henry,
Prince of Wales, denounces marriage
contract to Catherine |
1505 |
22 |
Martin
Luther enters Augustinian Monastery
at Erfurt |
1505 |
22 |
Christopher
Columbus dies |
1505 |
24 |
Martin
Luther Ordained |
1507 |
24 |
New
World to be called America after Amerigo
Vespucci
After his explorations in 1501-1502,
he was one of the first explorers to
come up with the idea that these places
he had visited were not part of Asia
(as Columbus thought) but rather were
part of a "New World." |
1508 |
25 |
Martin
Luther student at University of Wittenberg |
1508 |
25 |
Michelangelo
begins painting the Sistine Chapel |
1509 |
26 |
Henry
VIII crowned and marries Catherine of
Aragon -
Catherine of Aragon was the youngest
surviving child of Ferdinand and Isabella
of Spain. When she was three year old,
she was betrothed to Arthur, the son
of Henry VII of England. Arthur was
not even quite two at the time. When
she was almost 16, in 1501, Catherine
made the journey to England. After the
wedding and celebrations, the young
couple moved to Ludlow Castle on the
Welsh border. Less than six months later,
Arthur was dead. Catherine was now a
widow, and still young enough to be
married again. Henry VII still had a
son, this one much more robust and healthy
than his dead older brother. The English
king was interested in keeping Catherine's
dowry, so 14 months after her husband's
death, she was betrothed to the future
Henry VIII, who was too young to marry
at the time. By 1505, when Henry was
old enough to wed, Henry VII wasn't
as keen on a Spanish alliance, and young
Henry was forced to repudiate the betrothal.
Catherine's future was uncertain for the next four years. When Henry VII
died in 1509 and one of the new young
king's actions was to marry Catherine.
She was finally crowned Queen of England
in a joint coronation ceremony with
her husband Henry VIII on June 24, 1509. |
1509 |
26 |
John
Calvin born |
1509 |
26 |
Persecution
of Jews in Germany |
1509 |
26 |
Converted
Jew, Johann Pfeffercorn receives papal
permission to destroy all Jewish books
esp. Talmud - Humanist Johann Reuchlin
opposes this. |
1509 |
26 |
Earthquake
destroyes Constantinople |
1508 |
27 |
Luther
in Rome as delegate of his order |
1510 |
27 |
Leonardo
Da Vinci designs Horizontal Water Wheel |
1511 |
28 |
Portuguese
discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca |
1512 |
29 |
War
between Russia and Poland
War with Russia over the White Russian
region (Belarus). The Russians made
considerable gains and in 1514 took
Smolensk, but most of Belarus remained
under Polish-Lithuanian rule.
|
1483 |
29 |
Martin
Luther - Doctor of Divinity |
1512 |
29 |
Shiísm
becomes state religion of Persia |
1512 |
29 |
Copernicus
states earth and other planets turn
around the sun
Note: Copernicus was a Polish
astronomer and founder of modern astronomy.
His father was a Germanized Slav, his
mother a German, Poland and Germany
both claim the honour of producing him...
His De Revolutionibus, proving the sun
to be the centre of the universe, was
completed in 1530 and published just
before his death in 1543. - Chambers Biographical Dictionary,Page
344, W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1990. |
1512 |
29 |
Royal
Navy builds double deck ships |
1513 |
30 |
Vasco
Nunez discovers Pacific Ocean |
1514 |
31 |
Pineapples
arrive in Europe |
1514 |
31 |
First
European vessels in Chinese Waters |
1515 |
32 |
Anglo
France Peace Treaty signed |
1515 |
32 |
Lateran
Council forbids printing of books without
permission of Roman Catholic authorities |
1516 |
33 |
Archduke
Charles (16) becomes King of Spain - Note: Charles V (1500-1558)
was Holy Roman Emperor 1519-56 and
King of Spain as Charles I (1516-56),
founder of the Habsburg dynasty...
He was the considered the most powerful
monarch in Europe at age 19... Chambers
Biographical Dictionary,Page 293,
W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1990. |
1516 |
33 |
Selim
I defeats Egyptian forces near Aleppo
and annexes Syria - Note: Selim I (1467-1520) Ottoman sultan
of Turkey. In 1512 he dethroned his
father, Bayezit II, and caused him,
his own brothers, and nephews to be
put to death. In 1514 he declared
war against Persia and took Diyarbakir
and Kurdistan ... Chambers
Biographical Dictionary,Page 1324,
W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1990. |
1516 |
33 |
Treaty
of Frieburg - perpetual peace between
France and Swiss |
1516 |
33 |
Queen
Mary born eldest of Henry VIII - (Daughter of Catherine of Aragon) |
1517 |
34 |
End
of Lateran Council |
1517 |
34 |
Martin
Luther protests against sale of indulgences
and posts his 95 theses on door of palast
church in Wittenberg (Oct 31) - Reformation
begins |
1517 |
34 |
Pope
Leo publishes bull for 5 year peace
in Christendom - Note: His vast project for the rebuilding
of St Peter's and his permitting the
preaching of an indulgence in order
to raise funds had provoked Luther's
Reformation ... Chambers
Biographical Dictionary,Page 883,
W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1990. |
1517 |
34 |
Portuguese
found a factory in Colombo, Ceylon and
reach Canton by sea |
1517 |
34 |
Coffee
in Europe for the first time |
1518 |
35 |
Peace
of London between England, France, Emperor
Maximilian, Pope and Spain, devised
by Cardinal Wolsley |
1518 |
35 |
Martin
Luther summoned by Cardinal Cajetan
to diet of Augsburg, refuses to recant |
1518 |
35 |
Juan
de Grijalua explores coast of Yucatan
and discovers Mexico |
1518 |
35 |
Royal
College of Physicians founded in London |
1518 |
35 |
East
Asian Porcelain comes to Europe |
1518 |
35 |
Spectacles
for short sighted |
1518 |
35 |
Lorens
de Gominot gets license to import 4000
african slaves to Spanish American Colonies |
1519 |
36 |
Charles
I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor
as Charles V - Note: Charles V (1500-1558) was Holy Roman
Emperor 1519-56 and King of Spain
as Charles I (1516-56), founder of
the Habsburg dynasty... He was the
considered the most powerful monarch
in Europe at age 19... Chambers
Biographical Dictionary,Page 293,
W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1990. |
1519 |
36 |
Papal
Chamberlain Karl von Militz advises
Martin Luther to write letter of Submission
to Pople Leo X which Martin Luther Promises
to do |
1519 |
36 |
In
his Leipzig disputation with Johann
Eck, Luther questions the fallibility
of Papal decisions |
1519 |
36 |
Ulrick
Zwingli - preaching in Zurich begins
Swiss Reformation. |
1519 |
36 |
Leonardo
Da Vinci dies |
1519 |
36 |
Montezuma,
Aztec ruler, receives Hernando Cortez
into Tenochtitlan - capital of Mexico - Note: Last Aztec emperor ... a distinguished
warrior and legislator, he died during
the Spanish conquest of Hernando Cortez
... Chambers
Biographical Dictionary,Page 1033,
W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1990. |
1519 |
36 |
Ferdinand
Magellan obo Spain leaves Europe to
circumnavigate the globe |
1519 |
36 |
Domenico
de Pineda explores Gulf of Mexico from
Florida to Vera Cruz |
1519 |
36 |
Cortes
takes Arabian horses from Spain to North
American continent |
1520 |
37 |
Suleiman
I, the Magnificent becomes Sultan
of Turkey - Note: Ottomon Emperor and son of Sulim I,
considered the greatest of the Ottoman
Sultans ... He succeeded his father
at a time when the empire was militarily
strong both on land and at sea, while
he himself was an experienced soldier
and administrator. Known in the West
as the Magnificent, known to his own
people as Kanuni, 'the law giver'
... Chambers
Biographical Dictionary,Page 1416,
W & R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1990. |
1520 |
37 |
Beginning
of Anabaptist Movement in Germany under
Thomas Münzar |
1520 |
37 |
Pope
Leo X excommunicates Luther (Bull "Exsurge")
and declares him a heretic - Luther
publicly burns the bull |
1520 |
37 |
Lucas
Cranach paints Luther portrait |
1520 |
37 |
Magellan
passes thru the Straits of Magellan
into the Pacific Ocean and sails for
the Philippines |
1520 |
37 |
Chocolate
brought from Mexico to Spain |
1520 |
37 |
Sultan
Suleiman I conquers Belgrade and begins
to invade Hungary |
1520 |
37 |
Hernando
Cortez, the Spanish conquistador,
assumes control of Mexico after destruction
of Aztec State |
1520 |
37 |
Pope
Leo X confers title "Defender of
the Faith" on Henry VIII for his
"Assertio Septem Sacramentorum"
against Luther |
1520 |
37 |
Luther
cross examined before "Diet of
Worms"by Cardinal Alexander the
Papal nuncio is banned from the Holy
Roman Empire; imprisoned in the Watburg
he begins his german translation of
the bible. |
1521 |
38 |
Pope
Leo X dies |
1521 |
38 |
Ferdinand
Magellan killed by Philippino natives |
1521 |
38 |
Manufacture
of Silk introduced to France |
1522 |
39 |
Sultan
Suleiman I takes Rhodes from the Knights
of St. John (see 1530) |
1522 |
39 |
Spanish
forces conquer Guatemala |
1522 |
39 |
Luther
returns to Wittenberg condemning fanatics
and iconoclasts : Finishes translation
of NT (OT finished 1534) the Wittenberg
printer Hans Lufft produces 1000,000
copies in the course of the next 40
years. |
1522 |
39 |
Polyglot
Bible (latin, greek, Hebrew & Aram)
published by Uni of Alcala |
1522 |
39 |
Pascuel
de Andagoya discovers Peru |
1522 |
39 |
Dürer
designs flying machine for use in war |
1523 |
40 |
Sir
Thomas More elected speaker of the House
of Commons |
1523 |
40 |
Spanish
founded town of Jamaica |
1523 |
40 |
First
marine insurance policies issued at
Florence |
1524 |
41 |
James
V becomes King of Scotland |
1524 |
41 |
Peasant
revolt in Southern Germany under Thomas
Münzer, Florian Geyer, Michael
Gaismair |
1524 |
41 |
Zwingli
abolishes Catholic mass in Zurich |
1524 |
41 |
James
V becomes King of Scotland |
1524 |
41 |
Johan
Walther and Martin Luther produce hymnal
"Gestlich Gesangk Buchleyn" |
1524 |
41 |
First
textbook on theoretical geography |
1524 |
41 |
Giovanni
da Verazano discovers New York Bay and
Hudson River |
1524 |
41 |
Turkeys
from South America eaten for first time
at English Court |
1525 |
42 |
Peace
signed between England and France |
1526 |
43 |
Babar
founds Mogul Dynasty in Delhi - Note: First Mughal emperor of India ...
a soldier of genius ... and a cultured
man with interests in architecture,
music and literature. Himself a Muslim
he initiated a policy of toleration
towards his non-Muslim subjects that
was continued by his successors and
became a hall mark of the Mughal Empire
at it's zenith ... Chambers
Biographical Dictionary,Page 85, W
& R Chambers Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland,
1990. |
1525 |
42 |
7
year truce between Sultan of Turkey
and King of Hungary |
1525 |
42 |
Luther
marries former nun Katherine von Bora |
1525 |
42 |
William
Tyndales translation of New Testament
printed |
1525 |
42 |
Dürer
compiles first German manual on Geometry |
1525 |
42 |
Hops
introduced to England from Artois |
1526 |
43 |
Anglo-
Scot Peace signed |
1526 |
43 |
Battle
of Mohacs : Turks defeat Hungarians.
Sultan Suleiman I takes Buda |
1526 |
43 |
Babar
founds Mogul Dynasty in Delhi |
1526 |
43 |
Anabaptists
settle down as "Moravian Brothers"
in Moravia |
1526 |
43 |
Persecution
of Jews in Hungary |
1526 |
43 |
Luther
: German Mass |
1527 |
44 |
Ferdinand
= sole King of Hungary- Hapsburg admin
re-organised |
1527 |
44 |
The
Sack of Rome - Pope Clement VII is imprisoned |
1527 |
44 |
Hops
introduced to England from Artois |
1527 |
44 |
First
Protestant Uni founded at Marburg |
1528 |
45 |
Anabaptist
Balthasar Hubmair burned at the stake
in Vienna |
1528 |
45 |
SCOTLAND: Reformation
begins |
1528 |
45 |
Severe
outbreaks of plague in England |
1529 |
46 |
Turks
attack Austria |
1529 |
46 |
ENGLAND: Sir
Thomas More made Lord Chancellor |
1529 |
46 |
ENGLAND: Sir
Thomas More made Lord Chancellor |
1529 |
46 |
Second
diet of Speyer opens : Lutheran minority
protest against decisions of Catholic
majority (protestants) |
1529 |
46 |
Luther
and Zwingli hold their disputation on
the Eucharist at Marburg |
1529 |
46 |
Italian
Physician introduces examinations of
patients at the sickbed |
1529 |
46 |
Bernadind
de Sahagun starts his Franciscan mission
in Mexico |
1530 |
47 |
George
Agncola - First treatise on Mineralogy
- |
1530 |
47 |
Portuguese
colonise Brazil |
1531 |
48 |
Henry
VIII recognised as supreme head of Church
of England |
1531 |
48 |
Zwingli
dies |
1531 |
48 |
The
"Great Comet (later Halleys) arouses
wave of superstition |
1532 |
49 |
Suleiman
I Invades Hungary - his attack on Carinthia
and Croatia is repelled |
1532 |
49 |
Reformation
in France (John Calvin) |
1532 |
49 |
German
botanist - Otto Bruntels makes Book
of Herbs |
1533 |
50 |
Henry
VIII marries Anne Boleyn and is excommunicated
by the Pope - Elizabeth is born to them
(= future queen) |
1533 |
50 |
First
Lunatic Asylums (without medical attention) |
1534 |
51 |
Final
rift between England and Rome |
1534 |
51 |
Jesuit
order founded by Ignatius Loyola |
1534 |
51 |
Luther
completes Bible translation |
1535 |
52 |
Thomas
More refuses the Oath of the King's
supremacy - tried for treason and is
executed |
1535 |
52 |
Charles
V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian
slaves |
1536 |
53 |
Catherine
of Aragon dies |
1536 |
53 |
Anne
Boleyn is executed |
1536 |
53 |
Henry
VIII marries Jane Seymour |
1536 |
53 |
Thomas
Cromwell made Lord Privy Seal |
1536 |
53 |
Act
of Parliament declares Popes authority
void in England |
1536 |
53 |
John
Calvin "Christiane religions Institutio" |
1536 |
53 |
Luthers
"table talks" |
1536 |
53 |
Reformation
in Denmark and Norway |
1536 |
53 |
William
Tyndale burned at the stake |
1536 |
53 |
Michael
Angelo paints "Last Judgment"
on altar wall of Sistine chapel |
1536 |
53 |
Pedro
de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires |
1537 |
54 |
Jane
Seymour dies after birth of Edward |
1537 |
54 |
Calvin
is expelled from Geneva and settles
in Strasbourg |
1538 |
55 |
Destruction
of relics and shrines in Southern Engalnd |
1539 |
56 |
Henry
VIII marriage treaty signed with Anne
of Cleves |
1539 |
56 |
Calvin
: commentary on the epistle to the Romans |
1539 |
56 |
Olaus
Magnus - map of the world |
1539 |
56 |
First
Christmas tree at Strasbourg |
1540 |
57 |
Henry
marries Anne of Cleves - marriage annulled
by convocation of Canterbury and York
- Henry marries Catherine Howard |
1540 |
57 |
Thomas
Cromwell executed |
1540 |
57 |
Catherine
Howard's uncle succeeds Thomas Cromwell |
1540 |
57 |
Order
of Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III |
1540 |
57 |
GL
de Cardenas discovers Grand Canyon,
Arizona |
1540 |
57 |
Ether
produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid |
1540 |
57 |
Pulmonary
Circulation of blood discovered |
1541 |
58 |
Catherine
Howard sent to Tower of London on suspicion
of Moral conduct |
1541 |
58 |
Henry
assumes title of King of Ireland and
Head of Irish Church |
1541 |
58 |
Calvin
returns to Geneva |
1541 |
58 |
John
Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in
Scotland |
1541 |
58 |
Hernando
de Soto discovers Mississippi River |
1542 |
59 |
Queen
Catherine is executed |
1542 |
59 |
Mary
Queen of Scots ascends throne |
1542 |
59 |
Antonio
da Mota is the first European to enter
Japan |
1542 |
59 |
Queen
Catherine is executed |
1543 |
60 |
Henry
VIII marries Catherine Parr |
1543 |
60 |
First
Protestants burned at the stake by the
Spanish Inquisition |
1544 |
61 |
Silver
Mines discovered in Peru |
1545 |
62 |
Council
of Trent meets to discuss Reformation
and Counter Reformation |
1546 |
63 |
Civil
War in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between
Emperor Charles V and Schmalkaldic League |
1546 |
63 |
Martin
Luther dies |
1546 |
63 |
Michelangelo
designs dome and undertakes completion
of St. Peters in Rome |
1546 |
63 |
Abortive
efforts to find the legendary Dorado
in Venezuela |
1546 |
63 |
Geographer
Mercator states that the eath has a
magnetic pole |
1546 |
63 |
Henry
VIII dies succeeded by son Edward |
1546 |
63 |
Francis
1 of France dies |
1546 |
63 |
Nostradamus
makes first predictions |
1546 |
63 |
French
declared official language of French
authorities instead of latin |
1546 |
63 |
Ivan
IV is crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow
Moscow destroyed by fire |
